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Abdominal pain Belching and bloating Blood in vomit or vomiting blood Diarrhea Constipation Heartburn and chest pain Indigestion Nausea and vomiting Rectal bleeding Weight loss
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CT scan Ultrasound Esophageal manometry
Tests
Symptoms
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NAUSEA AND VOMITING Nausea and vomiting are not diseases, but rather are symptoms of many different conditions, such as infection ("stomach flu"), food poisoning, motion sickness, overeating, blocked intestine, illness, concussion or brain injury, appendicitis, and migraines. Nausea and vomiting can sometimes be symptoms of more serious diseases such as heart attacks, kidney or liver disorders, central nervous system disorders, brain tumors, and some forms of cancer What causes nausea or vomiting? The causes of nausea and vomiting are quite similar. Many things can bring on nausea. Some common causes are seasickness and other motion sicknesses, early pregnancy, intense pain, exposure to chemical toxins, emotional stress (fear), gallbladder disease, food poisoning, indigestion, various viruses, and certain smells or odors. The causes of vomiting differ according to age. For adults, vomiting is commonly a result of a viral infection and food poisoning, and occasionally a result of motion sickness and illnesses in which the person has a high fever. For children, it is common for vomiting to occur because of a viral infection, food poisoning, motion sickness, overeating or feeding, coughing, and illnesses in which the child has a high fever. Although rare, blocked intestines can cause vomiting, most typically in early infancy. Usually vomiting is harmless, but it can be a sign of a more serious illness. Some examples of serious conditions that may bring on nausea or vomiting include concussions, encephalitis, meningitis, intestinal blockage, appendicitis, migraine headaches, and brain tumors. Another concern with vomiting is dehydration. Adults have a lower risk of becoming dehydrated because they can usually detect the symptoms of dehydration (such as increased thirst and dry lips or mouth). Children have a greater risk of becoming dehydrated, especially if the vomiting occurs with diarrhea, because young children may often be unable to tell an adult about symptoms of dehydration. Adults caring for sick children need to be aware of these visible signs of dehydration: dry lips and mouth, sunken eyes, rapid breathing or pulse; or in infants, decreased urination, and a sunken fontanelle (soft spot on top of the baby's head). When should a doctor be consulted? The timing of the nausea or vomiting can indicate the cause. When it appears shortly after a meal, nausea or vomiting may indicate a mental disorder or a peptic ulcer. Nausea or vomiting one to eight hours after a meal may indicate food poisoning. Foodborne diseases, such as Salmonella, may take longer to produce symptoms because of the incubation time. A person who is experiencing nausea should consult a physician if it lasts more than one week, and if there is a possibility of pregnancy. Vomiting usually subsides within 6 to 24 hours, and may be treated at home. You should see your doctor if home treatment is not working, dehydration is present, or a known injury (such as head injury or infection) is causing the vomiting.
RECTAL BLEEDING Bleeding from your rectum can occur for many reasons, including: Constipation. Passing hard, dry stools may scrape or tear your anal lining. You may notice small drops or streaks of bright red blood on your stool, on your toilet tissue or in the toilet bowl. Colorectal cancer. Most colon and rectal cancers begin as small, harmless clumps of cells called polyps. Eventually, some of these polyps may become cancerous. You may notice rectal bleeding, along with a change in bowel habits, narrow stools, abdominal discomfort, a feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely and unexplained weight loss. Colon polyps. A polyp is a small clump of cells. Although most colon polyps are harmless, some may eventually become cancerous. You may notice bright red blood on the toilet paper after you've had a bowel movement. Diverticular bleeding. Diverticula are small, bulging pouches in the large intestine. Diverticula may cause painless but sometimes severe bleeding. Infection. Some bowel infections cause diarrhea and rectal bleeding. Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting and fever may be present as well. These infections are usually caused by eating contaminated food. Inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease. These often painful and debilitating conditions cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Food moving through your digestive tract can cause the inflamed tissue to bleed. You may notice bright red blood in the toilet bowl or darker blood mixed with your stool Hemorrhoids. These swollen and inflamed veins in your anus and rectum are another source of rectal bleeding. Again, you may notice small drops or streaks of bright red blood on your stool, on your toilet tissue or in the toilet bowl. Lack of blood supply to the bowel. If the blood flow to your small intestine or colon is reduced, you may develop intestinal ischemia. This may cause bright red- or maroon-colored blood in your stool. Peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, upper small intestine or esophagus. Sometimes the sores bleed. In addition to upper abdominal pain, you may notice dark blood in your stools or black, tarry stools .
WEIGHT LOSS There are many possible reasons for unintentional weight loss, including: Changes in diet or activity level. Mood changes. Medication. Difficulty chewing or swallowing. Poor absorption of nutrients. Nausea. Inflammatory bowel disease. Pancreatitis. Lack of blood supply to the bowel. Hyperthyroidism. Diabetes. Cancer. YOU SEE DOCTOR If you're losing weight and you're not sure why, consult your doctor — especially if you lose more than 5 percent of your weight within a few weeks or 10 percent within six months. The doctor will determine what's causing the weight loss and the best way to treat the problem. You may need a special diet to prevent further weight loss or regain lost pounds.
CT SCAN A CT scan — also called CT, computed tomography or CAT scan — is an X-ray technique that produces images of your internal organs that are more detailed than those produced by conventional X-ray exams. Conventional X-ray exams use a stationary X-ray machine to focus beams of radiation on a particular area of your body to produce two-dimensional images. But CT scans use an X-ray generating device that rotates around your body and a very powerful computer to create cross-sectional images, like slices, of the inside of your body. A conventional X-ray of your abdomen, for example, shows your bones as well as subtle outlines of your liver, stomach, intestines, kidney and spleen. A CT scan, however, reveals these bones and organs as well as your pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys and blood vessels — all with a higher degree of precision. When is a CT scan recommended? Your doctor may recommend a CT scan to help: Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone tumors and fractures Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and radiation Detect and monitor diseases such as cancer or heart disease Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding Unlike MRI, CT scans can be done even if you have a pacemaker or an internal cardioverter defibrillator — devices implanted in your chest to help regulate your heartbeat. However, if you're pregnant or suspect you might be, tell your doctor. Your doctor may suggest postponing the procedure or choosing an alternative exam that doesn't involve radiation, such as an ultrasound or MRI.
ULTRASOUND Ultrasound examination, also called diagnostic medical sonography or sonography, is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce precise images of structures within your body. These images often provide information that's valuable in diagnosing and treating disease. Ultrasound may be used, among other things, to: Evaluate a fetus Diagnose gallbladder disease Evaluate flow in blood vessels Guide a needle biopsy Guide the biopsy and treatment of a tumor Check your thyroid gland Study the heart Diagnose some forms of infection Diagnose some forms of cancer Reveal abnormalities in the scrotum and prostate
ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY Esophageal manometry measures pressure within the esophagus. This test may also be referred to as an esophageal motility or function study. Your doctor may recommend this test to determine if a swallowing problem is due to improperly working muscles in your esophagus. When you swallow, muscles in your esophagus normally contract and relax in rolling waves (peristalsis). This action propels food and liquids toward your stomach. Muscular valves (sphincters) at the top and bottom of your esophagus open to let food and liquids in. Then, they close to keep stomach acid from backing up into your esophagus. When these muscles don't work properly, you may have: Difficulty swallowing Heartburn from reflux Esophageal spasms Pneumonia due to inhalation (aspiration) of stomach contents During esophageal manometry, a tiny, pressure-sensitive tube is inserted through your nose — or sometimes your mouth — and into your esophagus. There, it measures the effects of muscle contractions as you swallow. The test takes less than one hour. Manometry may also be used to measure pressures in your stomach (gastric motility), small intestine (small intestine manometry) and rectum (anorectal function).
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TESTS
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SYMPTOMS AND TESTS
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