SYMPTOMS AND TESTS
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Abdominal pain
Belching and bloating
Blood in vomit or vomiting blood
Diarrhea
Constipation
Heartburn and chest pain
Indigestion
Nausea and vomiting
Rectal bleeding
Weight loss
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CT scan
Ultrasound
Esophageal manometry
TESTS
SYMPTOMS
Abdominal pain is pain that you feel anywhere between your chest and groin. This is often referred to as the stomach region or belly
There are many organs in the abdomen.
Organs related to digestion -- the stomach, the end of the esophagus, the small and large intestines, the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas.
Possible causes include:
Excessive gas
Chronic constipation
Lactose intolerance (milk intolerance)
Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)
Irritable bowel syndrome (sensitive stomach with intermittent episodes of
diarrhea and constipation)
Heartburn or indigestion
Gastroesophageal reflux
Ulcers
Cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) with or without gallstones
Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix)
Diverticular disease, including inflammation of small pouches that form in the
large intestines (diverticulitis)
Bowel obstruction -- in addition to pain, this causes nausea, bloating,
vomiting, and inability to pass gas or stool
Food allergy
Food poisoning (salmonella, shigella)
Hernia
Kidney stones
Urinary tract infections
Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
Intussusception (telescoping intestines) -- while uncommon, this is a
serious possible cause of pain in an infant who may be drawing his or
knees to the chest and crying to indicate the pain
Dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm -- bleeding into the wall of the aorta
Parasite infections (Giardia)
Sickle cell crisis
Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (two different types of inflammatory
bowel disease)
Cancer of the colon, stomach, or pancreas are serious but uncommon
causes of abdominal pain.
ABDOMINAL PAIN
BELCHING, BLOATING AND FLATULENCE
Belching
Belching is your body's way of expelling excess air from the stomach. You may swallow the excess air if you eat or drink too fast, talk while you eat or drink carbonated beverages.
Acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can have the same effect. If stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, you may swallow repeatedly to clear the material. This can lead to swallowing more air and further belching.
Some people swallow air as a nervous habit - even when they're not eating or drinking. In other cases, chronic belching is related to inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis).
Bloating: Gas buildup in the stomach and intestines
Bloating is the common term for gas buildup in the stomach and intestines. It's often accompanied by abdominal pain - either mild and dull or sharp and intense. Passing gas or having a bowel movement may relieve the pain.
Bloating may also be related to:
Stress or anxiety
A gastrointestinal infection or blockage
Irritable bowel syndrome, a condition characterized by abdominal pain or
cramping and changes in bowel function
Conditions in which the intestines aren't able to digest and absorb
certain parts of food, such as celiac disease or lactose intolerance
Flatulence: Gas buildup in the colon
Intestinal gas is typically caused by the fermentation of undigested food, such as plant fiber, in the colon.
Gas can also form when your intestines have difficulty breaking down certain components in foods, such
as the sugar in dairy products and fruit.
Other sources of intestinal gas may include:
Food residue in your colon
Swallowed air that migrates to your colon
Constipation (The longer food particles remain in your colon, the more
time they have to ferment.)
Sometimes, gas indicates a digestive disorder such as irritable bowel
syndrome or celiac disease.
BLOOD IN VOMIT
OR VOMITING BLOOD
You may find blood in your vomit for various reasons, including:
Cancer. Various types of cancer may cause you to vomit blood, including cancers of the stomach and esophagus
Ingested blood. If you swallow blood - during a nosebleed, for example - subsequent vomiting may include some of this blood.
Prolonged or vigorous vomiting. Vomiting may cause a tear in the small blood vessels of the throat or lower esophagus. This may cause blood to appear in your vomit.
Peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, upper small intestine or esophagus. In addition to feeling a burning pain anywhere from your navel to your breastbone, you may vomit blood that appears red or dark.
Internal inflammation. Inflamed tissue in the esophagus, stomach (gastritis) or upper part of the small intestine may cause blood to appear in your vomit.
.
Vomiting red blood indicates that the bleeding began shortly before you vomited. If the blood is black or appears dark brown and has the texture of old coffee grounds, the blood has been in your stomach for a longer time.
These symptoms may indicate a serious problem. Consult your doctor immediately
What is diarrhea?
Diarrhea-loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day-is a common problem that usually lasts a day or two and goes away on its own without any special treatment. However, prolonged diarrhea can be a sign of other problems. People with diarrhea may pass more than a quart of stool a day.
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems.
What are the symptoms?
Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. Depending on the cause, a person may have a fever or bloody stools.
Diarrhea can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). The acute form, which lasts less than 4 weeks, is usually related to a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea lasts more than 4 weeks and is usually related to functional disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel diseases like celiac disease.
When should a doctor be consulted?
Although usually not harmful, diarrhea can become dangerous or signal a more serious problem. You should see the doctor if any of the following is true:
You have diarrhea for more than 3 days.
You have severe pain in the abdomen or rectum.
You have a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.
You see blood in your stool or have black, tarry stools.
You have signs of dehydration.
If your child has diarrhea, do not hesitate to call the doctor for advice. Diarrhea can be dangerous in children if too much fluid is lost and not replaced quickly.
DIARRHEA
Constipation is the repeated painful or difficult passage of hard stool or having a bowel movement only once or twice a week. It's not the absence of a bowel movement every day.
Your colon absorbs water from food residue. As food waste stays in your colon, it progressively loses water content. Eventually, the waste becomes dry and difficult to pass. Here are a few common culprits:
Age. As you get older, muscles in your digestive tract may become less active.
Eating and drinking habits. A low-fiber diet and lack of fluids may lead to constipation.
Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of physical activity is sometimes the problem.
Medication. Constipation may be a side effect of various drugs, including those used to treat Parkinson's disease, high blood pressure, pain and depression.
Inattention to bowel habits. Frequent use of laxatives or repeatedly ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement may result in constipation.
Other medical problems. Various conditions can be associated with prolonged constipation, including hypothyroidism and Parkinson's disease.
CONSTIPATION
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Heartburn isn't a disease. It's a symptom. You'll notice a burning sensation in your chest that may start in your upper abdomen and radiate all the way to your neck. Sometimes, stomach acid that backs up into the esophagus can leave a sour taste in your mouth — especially when you're lying down.
Normally, digestive acid is trapped in your stomach by the lower esophageal sphincter. This ring of muscle functions as a valve, which opens only as you swallow. But sometimes the valve relaxes or weakens, allowing stomach acid to flow back into your esophagus.
Pressure on the sphincter muscle from excess weight, overeating or lying down too soon after a meal may cause it to open slightly. Certain foods, as well as overindulgence in alcohol or caffeine, can relax the sphincter or increase production of stomach acid.
Frequent, persistent heartburn may indicate a more serious condition known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD — the chronic regurgitation of acid from your stomach into your lower esophagus. Long-term GERD can lead to Barrett's esophagus, a condition in which the color and composition of the cells lining the lower esophagus change because of repeated exposure to stomach acid. Barrett's esophagus is a risk factor for esophageal cancer.
HEARTBURN
Indigestion, also known as upset stomach or dyspepsia, is discomfort or a burning feeling in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea, abdominal bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting. Some people also use the term indigestion to describe the symptom of heartburn.
Indigestion might be caused by a disease in the digestive tract such as ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but for many people, it results from eating too much, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, or eating during stressful situations. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using medications that irritate the stomach lining, being tired, and having ongoing stress can also cause indigestion or make it worse.
Some people have persistent indigestion that is not related to any of these factors. This type of indigestion—called functional or nonulcer dyspepsia—may be caused by a problem in the muscular squeezing action of the stomach (motility).
To diagnose indigestion, the doctor might perform tests for problems, like ulcers. In the process of diagnosis, a person may have x rays of the stomach and small intestine or undergo endoscopy, in which the doctor uses an instrument to look at the inside of the stomach.
Avoiding the foods and situations that seem to cause indigestion in some cases is the most successful way to treat it. Heartburn caused by acid reflux is usually improved by treatment with antacids, H2-blockers, or proton pump inhibitors. Smokers can help relieve their indigestion by quitting smoking, or at least not smoking right before eating. Exercising with a full stomach may cause indigestion, so scheduling exercise before a meal or at least an hour afterward might help.
To treat indigestion caused by a functional problem in the digestive tract, the doctor may prescribe medicine that affects stomach motility.
Because indigestion can be a sign of, or mimic, a more serious disease, people should see a doctor if they have
vomiting, weight loss, or appetite loss
black tarry stools or blood in vomit
severe pain in the upper right abdomen
discomfort unrelated to eating
indigestion accompanied by shortness of breath,
sweating, or pain
radiating to the jaw, neck, or arm
symptoms that persist for more than 2 weeks
INDIGESTION
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