Diseases
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LIVER DISEASE
DISEASES AND STATUS
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Liver Disease
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Alcoholic hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Cirrhosis Enlarged liver Gilbert's syndrome Hemochromatosis Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Nonalcoholic fatty liver Primary biliary cirrhosis Toxic hepatitis Wilson's disease
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Alcoholic hepatitis Alcohol has long been associated with serious liver diseases such as hepatitis — inflammation of the liver. But the relationship between drinking and alcoholic hepatitis is complex. Only a small percentage of heavy drinkers develop alcoholic hepatitis, yet the disease can occur in people who drink only moderately or binge just once. And though damage from alcoholic hepatitis often can be reversed in people who stop drinking, the disease is likely to progress to cirrhosis and liver failure in people who continue to drink. For them, alcoholic hepatitis may be fatal. Researchers are learning more about how and why alcoholic hepatitis occurs, but less is known about how to treat alcoholic hepatitis effectively. Anyone with alcoholic hepatitis must avoid alcohol and other substances that harm the liver.
Autoimmune hepatitis A number of factors can cause the serious liver disease hepatitis, including viral infections, alcohol and certain drugs. But in autoimmune hepatitis, the problem is different: Your body's own immune system attacks your liver. Although the reason for this isn't entirely clear, some diseases, toxins and drugs may trigger autoimmune hepatitis in susceptible people, especially women. Untreated autoimmune hepatitis can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and eventually to liver failure. When diagnosed and treated early, however, autoimmune hepatitis often can be controlled with drugs that suppress the immune system. Yet these medications, which often must be taken long term, carry a number of risks and aren't always effective. A liver transplant may be an option when autoimmune hepatitis doesn't respond to drug treatments or in cases of advanced liver disease.
Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a condition that causes irreversible scarring of the liver. As scar tissue replaces normal tissue, blood flow through your liver is affected. This makes it increasingly difficult for your liver to carry out essential functions, such as detoxifying harmful substances, purifying your blood and manufacturing vital nutrients. Cirrhosis rarely causes signs and symptoms in its early stages. But as liver function deteriorates, you may experience fatigue, exhaustion, nausea, unintended weight loss and swelling in your legs and abdomen. In time, jaundice — a yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes — and intense itching can develop. Alcoholism and chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus are the leading causes of cirrhosis. But other factors — including damaged bile ducts, immune system problems and prolonged exposure to certain environmental toxins — can cause liver scarring, too. Although liver damage from cirrhosis is irreversible, the disease usually progresses slowly and symptoms are often controllable. Specific treatment for cirrhosis depends on the underlying cause, but anyone with cirrhosis must avoid alcohol and other substances that harm the liver.
Enlarged liver Your liver performs hundreds of important functions — from aiding absorption of food to removing toxic substances from your body. Normally, an adult liver is about the size of a small football. Sometimes, however, the liver becomes enlarged. This is known as hepatomegaly. An enlarged liver isn't a disease. It's a sign of an underlying problem, such as hepatitis, congestive heart failure or cancer. Treatment of an enlarged liver depends on the cause. An enlarged liver usually causes no signs or symptoms. If the liver enlarges quickly, it may be tender to the touch. A markedly enlarged liver may cause abdominal pain or fullness. If the cause of enlargement affects liver function, it may lead to yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
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Gilbert's syndrome Gilbert's (zheel-BAYRZ) syndrome is a common, mild liver disorder in which the liver doesn't properly process a substance called bilirubin, which is produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. Also known as constitutional hepatic dysfunction, unconjugated benign bilirubinemia and familial nonhemolytic jaundice, Gilbert's syndrome typically doesn't require treatment or pose serious complications. Gilbert's syndrome is usually not considered a disease because of its benign nature. Most people who have the disorder find out by accident, when they have a blood test that shows elevated bilirubin levels.
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Hemochromatosis Of all the minerals you need for good health, iron is one of the most familiar. Iron does help form oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in your red blood cells, but it's also essential for a number of other body processes, including proper brain function, a strong immune system and healthy muscles. Yet for people with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), even small amounts of iron can cause serious problems. That's because hereditary hemochromatosis causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat. The excess is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart and pancreas. Sometimes the stored iron damages these organs, leading to life-threatening conditions such as cancer, heart problems and liver disease. Signs and symptoms of hereditary hemochromatosis usually appear in midlife, although they may occur earlier. The most common complaint is joint pain, but hereditary hemochromatosis can also cause a number of other symptoms, including fatigue, abdominal pain and impotence. Though not always easy to diagnose, hereditary hemochromatosis can be effectively treated by removing blood from your body to lower the level of iron.
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although not usually as serious as other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A causes inflammation that affects your liver's ability to function. You're most likely to contract hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with someone who's already infected — even if that person doesn't appear sick. Some people who are infected never develop signs and symptoms, but others may feel as if they have a severe flu. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment, and most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A doesn't develop into chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis — both potentially fatal conditions. Practicing good hygiene — including washing your hands often — is one of the best ways to protect against hepatitis A. Effective vaccines are available for people who are most at risk.
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Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, the infection becomes chronic, leading to liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that causes permanent scarring of the liver. The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with the blood and body fluids of someone who is infected — the same way the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, spreads. Yet hepatitis B is nearly 100 times as infectious as HIV. You're especially at risk if you are an intravenous (IV) drug user who shares needles or other paraphernalia, have unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner, or were born in or travel to parts of the world where hepatitis B is widespread. In addition, women with HBV can pass the infection to their babies during childbirth. Most people infected as adults recover fully from hepatitis B, even if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are much more likely to develop a chronic infection. Although no cure exists for hepatitis B, a vaccine can prevent the disease.
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Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is one of six identified hepatitis viruses — the others are A, B, D, E and G. All cause the liver to become inflamed, which interferes with its ability to function. Hepatitis C is generally considered to be among the most serious of these viruses. Over time, hepatitis C infection can lead to liver cancer, liver failure or cirrhosis — irreversible and potentially fatal scarring of the liver. Unlike HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, the hepatitis C virus usually isn't transmitted through sexual contact. Instead, its primary mode of transmission is contaminated blood — through needles shared by drug users or through blood transfusions. Although vaccines exist for hepatitis A and B, no vaccine for hepatitis C has been developed.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a range of conditions that affect people who drink little or no alcohol. The mildest type is simple fatty liver (steatosis), an accumulation of fat within the liver that usually causes no liver damage. A potentially more serious type, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with liver-damaging inflammation and, sometimes, the formation of fibrous tissue. In some cases, this can progress to either cirrhosis, which causes progressive, irreversible liver scarring, or to liver cancer. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease affects more women than men and is found in all age groups, including children. Most often, it's diagnosed in middle-aged people who are overweight or obese, and who may also have diabetes and elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels (hyperlipidemia). With the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes in Western countries, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has become a growing problem. Because early-stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rarely causes any symptoms, it's usually detected because of abnormal results of liver tests done for unrelated issues.
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Primary biliary cirrhosis Our body has an intricate network of ducts designed specifically to transport bile, a fluid produced in your liver. Bile is essential for the proper digestion of fats and helps rid your body of worn-out red blood cells, cholesterol and potentially toxic metals. In primary biliary cirrhosis, the bile ducts are slowly destroyed, causing harmful substances to build up in your liver and sometimes leading to irreversible scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis). Many experts consider primary biliary cirrhosis an autoimmune disease in which the body turns against its own cells, although it's likely that genetic and environmental factors also play a part. Primary biliary cirrhosis develops slowly. Medication can further slow the progression of the disease, especially if treatment begins early. Advanced primary biliary cirrhosis can lead to life-threatening complications and liver failure. In that case, a liver transplant may be an option for improving and extending life.
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Toxic hepatitis Our liver plays a key role in detoxifying harmful substances that you may eat, drink, inhale or rub on your skin. However, the liver is no match for certain toxins, including some common medications. Toxic hepatitis is liver inflammation that occurs when your liver is damaged by toxic chemicals, drugs or certain poisonous mushrooms. In some cases, toxic hepatitis develops within hours or days of exposure to a toxin. In other cases, it may take months of regular use before symptoms of toxic hepatitis appear. Often, the symptoms clear when your exposure to the toxin stops. But toxic hepatitis can permanently injure your liver, leading to irreversible scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis) and in some cases to liver failure.
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Wilson's disease Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in your liver, brain and other vital organs. Wilson's disease shows up in a variety of different ways, but can remain silent for years. Copper is one of the body's unsung heroes, playing a key but understated role in the development of healthy nerves, bones, collagen and the skin pigment melanin. Normally, copper is absorbed from your food, and any excess is excreted through bile — a substance produced in your liver. But in people with Wilson's disease, copper isn't eliminated properly and instead accumulates, possibly to a life-threatening level. Left untreated, Wilson's disease is fatal. When diagnosed early, Wilson's disease is easily treated, and many people with the disorder live normal lives.
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