HEALTH INFORMATION
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Healthy digestion Practice good eating habits. Maintain healthy weight. Get regular exercise. Control stress. Limit alcohol and tobacco.
Mouth and salivary glands After you take your first bite of food, your salivary glands produce enough digestive juices (saliva) to begin breaking it down chemically. Besides the salivary glands in the lining of your mouth, you have three pairs of larger salivary glands - the parotid glands, sublingual glands and the submandibular glands. Together they produce 1 to 3 pints of saliva a day. Not all of the work is chemical, though. Your teeth work to grind the food while your tongue mixes it with saliva. This combination transforms it into a bolus - a soft, moist, rounded mass suitable for swallowing Esophagus As you swallow that last bite of food, muscles in your mouth and throat propel it to your upper esophagus, the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. In the wall of your esophagus, muscles create synchronized waves - one after another - that propel the food into your stomach. In this process, called peristalsis, muscles behind the bolus of food contract, squeezing it forward, while muscles ahead of it relax, allowing it to advance without resistance. When the bolus reaches the lower end of your esophagus, pressure from the food signals a muscular valve - the lower esophageal sphincter - to open and let it enter your stomach. Stomach After entering your stomach, the food soon becomes unrecognizable. The stomach's wall, lined with three layers of powerful muscles, begins churning and mixing it into smaller and smaller pieces. Gastric juices, rich in acid and enzymes, pour out of glands that line your stomach. The acid and enzymes help break down food into a thick, creamy fluid called chyme. Once the concoction is well mixed, waves of muscle contractions propel it through the pyloric valve and into the first section of your small intestine (duodenum). The pyloric valve releases less than an eighth of an ounce of chyme at a time. The rest is held back for more mixing. In your duodenum, digestion continues: Pancreas. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which help regulate the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood. Liver. The liver performs more than 500 functions, including storing nutrients, filtering and processing chemicals in food, and producing bile, a solution that helps digest fats and eliminate waste products. Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. As fatty food enters the upper portion of your small intestine (the duodenum), the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the small intestine through a duct. Small intestine When bile and pancreatic digestive juices mix with other juices secreted by the wall of your small intestine, digestion shifts into high gear. What was once hamburger is propelled into the second portion of your small intestine, the jejunum. Here it's further broken down into smaller molecules of nutrients that can be absorbed. Then it slides into the final and longest portion of your small intestine - the ileum - where virtually all of the remaining nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the ileum's wall. What remains at the end of the ileum is a combination of water, electrolytes - such as sodium and chloride - and waste products, such as plant fiber and dead cells shed from the lining of your digestive tract. Large intestine As this residue passes through the colon, your body absorbs nearly all of the water, leaving a usually soft but formed substance called stool. Muscles in the wall of your colon separate the waste into small segments that are pushed into your lower colon and rectum. As the rectal walls are stretched, they signal need for a bowel movement. When the sphincter muscles in your anus relax, the rectal walls contract to increase pressure. Sometimes you have to use your abdominal muscles, which press on the outside of the colon and rectum. These coordinated muscle contractions expel the stool.
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