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GALLBLADDER and PANCREAS DISORDERS
DISEASES AND STATUS
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Gallbladder, Pancreas
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Gallstones Pancreatic cysts Pancreatitis Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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Gallstones Gallstones — solid deposits of cholesterol or calcium salts that form in your gallbladder or nearby bile ducts — often cause no symptoms and require no treatment. But some people with gallstones will have a gallbladder attack that can cause symptoms such as nausea and an intense, steady ache in their upper middle or upper right abdomen. In some cases, the pain can be severe and intermittent. You're at greater risk of developing gallstones if you're older, female or overweight. Rapid weight loss or eating a very low calorie diet also can put you at risk of gallstones. Complications from gallstones can be serious, and even fatal, if left untreated. Fortunately, treatment is usually straightforward, and newer techniques often allow faster recovery time.
Pancreatic cysts Most pancreatic cysts aren't technically cysts at all. Called pseudocysts, these pockets of digestive fluids aren't lined with the type of cells found in true cysts. Instead, a pseudocyst's walls may include cells normally found in other abdominal organs, such as the stomach, intestines and the pancreas itself. Pseudocysts are not cancerous also most pancreatic cysts aren't cancerous. The bad news is that it's often difficult to be sure which cysts are benign and which are malignant. Your doctor may want to take a sample of the fluid in the cyst to help in the diagnosis. If you have a cyst that either is or can become cancerous, surgical removal is necessary. Pancreatic cysts are diagnosed more often now than in the past, but not because more people have them. Instead, improved imaging technology has made pancreatic cysts easier to find. In fact, many cysts in the pancreas — a large gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones — are found during abdominal scans for other problems.
Pancreatitis The pancreas is a long, flat gland tucked behind your stomach between the upper part of your small intestine (duodenum) and your spleen. It plays important roles in digestion and metabolism. The organ produces enzymes essential for digestion and secretes hormones that help control blood sugar levels. These functions may be affected by pancreatitis, an inflammatory condition that occurs when digestive enzymes, instead of breaking down food in the small intestine, attack the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute — appearing suddenly and lasting for a few days — or it can be chronic, developing gradually and persisting over many years. Both acute and chronic forms are marked by mild to severe abdominal pain, often with nausea, vomiting and fever. And both can lead to serious complications. Heavy alcohol use and gallstones are the primary causes of pancreatitis, but other factors, including certain medical conditions, some drugs, and genetic mutations also can lead to the disorder. Mild attacks of acute pancreatitis often improve on their own or with simple dietary changes, but more severe cases may require immediate medical care to avoid fatal complications. Chronic disease is usually treated with lifestyle changes, with enzyme supplements to improve digestion and sometimes with surgery.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a complex condition in which one or more tumors form in the pancreas or in the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). These tumors, called gastrinomas, secrete large amounts of the hormone gastrin, which causes excessive production of acid by your stomach. The excess acid, in turn, leads to peptic ulcers. The ulcers that occur as part of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are often numerous, tend to occur in unusual areas of your stomach or intestine and are more resistant to treatment than other ulcers are. They are also likely to return after being treated. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is rare, less than 1 percent of duodenal ulcers result from Zollinger-Ellison. The disease may occur at any time, but the average age at diagnosis is 50. Most often, treatment for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome consists of medications to reduce acid and heal the ulcers. Surgery to remove the tumors may be an option for some people with Zollinger-Ellison.
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