DISEASES AND STATUS
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Diseases
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Bile Reflux Most people are familiar with acid reflux — the backflow of caustic stomach acids into the esophagus, the tube that connects your throat and stomach. Less well known is bile reflux, which occurs when bile — a digestive fluid produced in the liver — flows upward (refluxes) from the small intestine into the stomach and esophagus. Bile reflux often accompanies acid reflux, and together they're a formidable team, inflaming the lining of the esophagus and potentially increasing the risk of esophageal cancer. Bile reflux also affects the stomach, where it causes further inflammation. Unlike acid reflux, bile reflux usually can't be controlled by changes in diet or lifestyle. Instead, bile reflex is most often managed with certain medications or, in severe cases, with surgery. Neither solution is uniformly effective, however, and some people continue to experience bile reflux even after treatment.
INTESTINAL DISORDERS
Blind Loop Syndrome Most adults have nearly 30 feet of intestine; the absorptive area of the small intestine alone is about the size of a tennis court. Given the length and complexity of the intestinal tract, it's not surprising that the course of digestion doesn't always run smoothly. A case in point is blind loop syndrome — sometimes called stasis syndrome — which occurs when part of the small intestine is bypassed and so cut off from the normal flow of food and digestive juices. The bypassed portion of intestine, known as a blind loop, initiates a cascade of problems. Food can't pass through the loop and so begins to ferment, encouraging the rampant growth of bacteria. The bacteria then interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients, often leading to diarrhea, weight loss and malnutrition. Blind loop syndrome occurs most often as a complication of abdominal surgery, but blind loop syndrome can also result from structural defects and some diseases. Although blind loop syndrome occasionally requires surgical treatment, most people respond well to antibiotic therapy.
Celiac disease Celiac disease is a digestive condition triggered by consumption of the protein gluten, which is found in bread, pasta, cookies, pizza crust and other foods containing wheat, barley or rye. Oats may contain gluten as well. When a person with celiac disease eats foods containing gluten, an immune reaction occurs in the small intestine, resulting in damage to the surface of the small intestine and an inability to absorb certain nutrients from food. Eventually, decreased absorption of nutrients (malabsorption) can cause vitamin deficiencies that deprive your brain, peripheral nervous system, bones, liver and other organs of vital nourishment, which can lead to other illnesses. This is especially serious in children, who need proper nutrition to develop and grow. Also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue and gluten-sensitive enteropathy, celiac disease occurs in people who have a susceptibility to gluten intolerance. Some speculate that celiac disease has been around since humankind switched from a foraging diet of meat and nuts to a cultivated diet including grains such as wheat. Nonetheless, it has only been in the last 50 years that researchers have gained a better understanding of the condition and how to treat it. No treatment can cure celiac disease. However, you can effectively manage celiac disease through changing your diet.
Intestinal obstruction. Intestinal obstruction is a blockage of your small intestine or colon that prevents food and fluid from passing through. Intestinal obstruction can be caused by many conditions, but it's most often the result of fibrous bands of tissue in the intestine (adhesions), hernias or tumors. Not only can intestinal obstruction result in an array of uncomfortable signs and symptoms — including crampy abdominal pain and swelling of your abdomen, nausea and vomiting — if left untreated, intestinal obstruction can cause the blocked parts of your intestine to die. This tissue death can lead to perforation of the intestine, severe infection and shock. Because of the serious complications that can develop from intestinal obstruction, seek emergency medical attention if you develop signs or symptoms of intestinal obstruction. With prompt medical care, intestinal obstruction can often be successfully treated.
Lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance, also called lactase deficiency, means you aren't able to fully digest milk sugar (lactose) in dairy products. It's not usually dangerous, but symptoms of lactose intolerance can be uncomfortable enough to steer you clear of the dairy aisles. Lactose intolerance can make dining a challenge, requiring some recipe substitutions or avoidance of some foods altogether. The problem underlying lactose intolerance is a lack of lactase — an enzyme produced by the lining of your small intestine. Lactase breaks down lactose so that it can be absorbed into your bloodstream. A deficiency of lactase leads to problems in breaking down and absorbing milk sugar. Some people who think they are lactose intolerant actually don't have impaired lactose digestion. And not everyone with low levels of lactase is lactose intolerant. Only people with low lactase levels and symptoms are considered to have lactose intolerance. Intolerance to a food isn't the same as a food allergy. Lactose intolerance doesn't involve your immune system, as an allergy does, and doesn't necessarily require complete avoidance of milk products. You can control symptoms of lactose intolerance through a carefully chosen diet that limits lactose without cutting out calcium, and possibly by taking supplements.
Shigella infection Shigella infection (shigellosis) is an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella. The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which often is bloody. The bacteria remain active during the illness and for a week or two after you recover. It's possible for you to carry the shigella germ without developing symptoms, but then pass the illness to others. Shigella can be passed through direct contact with the bacteria in the stool, such as in a child care setting where staff members don't wash their hands adequately when changing diapers or assisting toddlers with toilet training. Shigella bacteria also can be passed in contaminated food or by drinking or swimming in contaminated water. Children between ages 2 and 4 are most likely to get shigellosis. Shigella infection is far more common in developing nations, especially where there's overcrowding and poor sanitation. If you're in good health, a mild case of shigellosis is likely to clear up on its own. When shigella infection requires treatment, doctors generally prescribe antibiotics.
Whipple's disease Whipple's disease is a rare bacterial infection that most often affects your gastrointestinal system. It interferes with normal digestion, impairing the breakdown of foods such as fats and carbohydrates and hampering your body's ability to absorb nutrients. This absorption problem occurs when the infection damages the lining of your small intestine. In addition to affecting your intestinal tract, Whipple's disease can infect other organs, including your brain, heart, joints and eyes. Whipple's disease, also called intestinal lipodystrophy, was identified by physician and Nobel Prize winner George Whipple in 1907. No matter which part of your body Whipple's disease affects, a lengthy course of antibiotics can provide successful treatment. But without proper treatment, Whipple's disease can be fatal.
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Intestinal Disorders
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Bile reflux Blind loop syndrome Celiac disease Intestinal obstruction Lactose intolerance Shigella infection Whipple's disease
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