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DIGESTIVE CANCERS, ESOPHAGUS DISORDERS
Colon cancer Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last 8 to 10 inches of the colon. Together, they are often referred to as colorectal cancers, and they make up the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Only lung cancer claims more lives. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become cancerous. Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms, so it's important to get regular screening tests to help prevent colon cancer. If signs and symptoms of cancer do appear, they may include a change in bowel habits, blood in your stool, persistent cramping, gas or abdominal pain. Screening tests, along with a few simple changes in your diet and lifestyle, can dramatically reduce your overall risk of developing colon cancer.
Esophageal cancer Less well known than lung cancer, but no less serious, esophageal cancer starts in the inner layer of the esophagus, the 10-inch long tube that connects your throat and stomach. The most common symptom, which usually occurs late in the disease, is difficulty swallowing and a sensation of food sticking in your throat or chest. Little time ago, the outlook for people with esophageal cancer was poor. But survival rates have improved, in part because close monitoring of Barrett's esophagus — a serious, premalignant complication of acid reflux disease — can help detect cancer early, when it's more likely to respond to treatment. Even more important is that diet and lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the chances of ever developing this type of cancer.
Gallbladder cancer Gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancers are relatively rare in the United States. When they do occur, these cancers of the biliary tract affect a disproportionate number of American Indians, Alaska natives and Hispanics, who may have rates five times that of whites. This may be the result of a genetic propensity to gallstones, one of the leading causes of gallbladder cancer. Gallbladder cancer seldom produces symptoms in the early stages. In fact, early gallbladder cancer is often only discovered when the gallbladder is removed as a treatment for gallstones. Otherwise, gallbladder cancer is often quite advanced by the time it's diagnosed. When gallbladder cancer is caught early, removing your gallbladder or part of the bile duct may eliminate all the cancerous cells. In advanced cases, treatment will not cure gallbladder cancer but can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
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Liver cancer Primary liver cancer begins in the cells of the liver itself. Liver cancer also occurs as metastatic cancer, which happens when tumors from other parts of the body spread (metastasize) to the liver. In the United States, most cancer found in the liver spread there after originating elsewhere. Rather than being called liver cancer, this type of cancer in the liver is named after the organ in which it began — such as metastatic colon cancer in cancer that starts in the colon and spreads to the liver. Because liver cancer is rarely discovered early and is difficult to control with current treatments, the prognosis is often poor. Even when treatments fail to provide much improvement, however, they often can help control pain and improve quality of life. But the most important news about primary liver cancer is that you can greatly reduce your risk by protecting yourself from hepatitis infection and cirrhosis, the leading causes of the disease.
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Oral and throat cancer Early sign of oral or throat (oropharyngeal) cancer is a pale lump inside your mouth that doesn't seem to be healing. The American Cancer Society estimates more than 30,000 new cases of oral and throat cancer occur annually in the United States. Oral cancer includes cancer of your lips, mouth, tongue, gums and salivary glands. Throat cancer involves cancer of the part of your throat just behind your mouth. It's estimated that more than 7,000 Americans die of oral and throat cancers annually. Periodic self-examination of your mouth is the best way to detect the early signs of oral and throat cancer. And, when detected early, oral cancer is almost always successfully treated. Unfortunately, many oral and throat cancers are far advanced by the time a doctor is made aware of the situation. This is because oral and throat cancers are usually painless in their early stages or have minor symptoms similar to other health problems, such as a toothache.
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Pancreatic cancer Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious of cancers. It develops when cancerous cells form in the tissues of your pancreas — a large organ that lies horizontally behind the lower part of your stomach. Your pancreas secretes enzymes that aid digestion and hormones that help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates. Pancreatic cancer spreads rapidly and is seldom detected in its early stages, which is a major reason why it's a leading cause of cancer death. Signs and symptoms may not appear until the disease is quite advanced. By that time, the cancer is likely to have spread to other parts of the body and surgical removal is no longer possible. In nowadays researchers are beginning to understand the genetic basis of the disease — knowledge that may eventually lead to new and better treatments. Just as important, you may be able to reduce your risk of pancreatic cancer with some lifestyle changes.
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Stomach cancer Although the incidence of stomach cancer has declined dramatically in the United States and Western Europe in the last 50 years, the disease remains a serious problem in much of the rest of the world, where it's a leading cause of cancer death. This global variation is almost certainly linked to two factors that play a major role in the development of stomach cancer: Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and the type of diet. Stomach cancer is more readily treated when caught early. Unfortunately, by the time it causes symptoms, the disease is often at an advanced stage and may have spread beyond the stomach. Yet there is encouraging news. You can reduce your risk of this serious cancer by making a few changes in your lifestyle.
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ESOPHAGUS DISORDERS
Barrett's esophagus Common heartburn isn't always just an annoying condition that's quickly remedied by an over-the-counter antacid. It can also be symptomatic of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is the chronic regurgitation of acid from your stomach into your lower esophagus. And, long-term GERD can sometimes lead to Barrett's esophagus, a condition in which the color and composition of the cells lining your lower esophagus change because of repeated exposure to stomach acid. Barrett's esophagus is uncommon. Only a small percentage of people with GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. But once Barrett's esophagus is diagnosed, there's a greater risk of developing esophageal cancer, which often spreads from the esophagus to lymph nodes and to other organs. Although increased, the absolute risk of esophageal cancer for someone with Barrett's esophagus is small — less than 1 percent a year. You can eliminate or reduce the frequency of stomach acids flowing up into the lower end of your esophagus — and your chance of developing Barrett's esophagus — by making lifestyle changes.
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DISEASES AND STATUS
Difficulty swallowing For some people, difficulty swallowing makes every meal a challenge. Occasional difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) usually isn't cause for concern, and may simply occur when you eat too fast or don't chew your food well enough. But persistent difficulty swallowing may indicate a serious medical condition requiring treatment. Difficulty swallowing may mean it take more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach. Difficulty swallowing also may be associated with pain. In some cases, you may not be able to swallow at all. Difficulty swallowing can occur at any age, but is most common in older adults. The causes of swallowing difficulties vary, and treatments depend upon the cause. In many cases, the condition can be partially or completely corrected.
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Esophageal spasms Your esophagus is a long tube-like structure that connects your throat to your stomach. A healthy esophagus moves food into your stomach through a series of coordinated muscular contractions, called peristalsis. Esophageal spasms disrupt this process. Esophageal spasms are an uncoordinated series of muscle contractions that prevent food from traveling properly from your esophagus to your stomach. These spasms can be very painful. Chest pain is a common symptom of esophageal spasms. The cause of esophageal spasms is unknown. Esophageal spasms are more common in people with acid reflux disease, and your likelihood of developing the condition increases with age. Treatment of esophageal spasms in the short term may involve using medications to quickly relax the esophageal muscles. Long-term treatment may involve managing any contributing health condition, taking additional medications, altering your eating habits, and other approaches.
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Heartburn/GERD Heartburn is common, and an occasional episode is generally nothing to worry about. However, many people battle heartburn regularly, even daily. Frequent heartburn can be a serious problem, and it deserves medical attention. Frequent or constant heartburn is the most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a disease in which stomach acid or, occasionally, bile flows back (refluxes) into your food pipe (esophagus). This constant backwash of acid can irritate the lining of your esophagus, causing it to be irritated and inflamed. Most people can manage the discomfort of heartburn with lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications. But if heartburn is severe, these remedies may offer only temporary or partial relief. If you have GERD, you may need newer, more potent medications to reduce symptoms.
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Digestive Cancers
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Colon cancer Esophageal cancer Gallbladder cancer Liver cancer Oral and throat cancer Pancreatic cancer Stomach cancer
Esophagus Disorders
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Barrett's esophagus Difficulty swallowing Esophageal spasms Heartburn/GERD
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